Sources and Notes

Scholarship

Baldwin, Brooke. Winter 1981. “The Cakewalk: A Study in Stereotype and Reality” from Journal of Social History, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 205-218. Oxford University Press.

Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. 1993. Black metropolis: a study of Negro life in a northern city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

DuBois, W.E.B. 2005. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence, Shelley Fisher Fishkin, and David Bradley. 2005. The sport of the gods: and other essential writings. New York: Modern Library.

Gatewood, Willard B. 1990. Aristocrats of color: the Black elite, 1880-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Gaines, Kevin Kelly. 1996. Uplifting the race: Black leadership, politics, and culture in the twentieth century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Guridy, Frank Andre. 2010. Forging diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a world of empire and Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Kaplan, Amy. 2002. The anarchy of empire in the making of U.S. culture. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Lott, Eric. Summer 1992. “Love and Theft: The Racial Unconscious of Blackface Minstrelsy” from Representations, no. 39, pp. 23-50. University of California Press.

Nelson, Paul D. 2002. Fredrick McGhee: A Life on the Color Line, 1861-1912. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.

Taylor, David Vassar. 1977. Pilgrim's progress: black St. Paul and the making of an urban ghetto, 1870-1930. Thesis--University of Minnesota, 1977.

Wingerd, Mary Lethert. 2001. Claiming the city: politics, faith, and the power of place in St. Paul. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Although I do not cite this directly, Dave Reihle's article on "Cuba" provided the initial inspiration for my work, and also aided me in finding newspaper sources at the Minnesota Historical Society. His article was published in 1999 by the Ramsey County Historical Society, and can be read here: http://www.laborstandard.org/Vol2No1/Cuba_Pageant.htm.

Periodicals

The Appeal, courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society

The St. Paul Pioneer Press (daily), courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society

Textual Sources

Notes

Notes appear as numbers in parantheses and reference the sources as follows:

Wingerd pgs. 19-23
Wingerd pgs. 24-26
Taylor pgs. 12-13
Wingerd pg. 20
Taylor pgs. 24-25
Taylor pgs. 26, 36
Taylor pg. 30
Taylor pg. 46
Taylor pg. 57
Taylor pgs. 64-7
Taylor pgs. 129-43
Taylor pgs. 86-87
Taylor pg. 200
See discussions of black occupations in Taylor (pgs. 57, 64), as well as in W.E.B. DuBois’ Philadelphia Negro (pg. 109), and chapter 1 of Gatewood, especially pg. 24
Gatewood pg. 15
Gatewood pgs. 184-5
Gatewood pg. 192
Gatewood pgs. 188-9
DuBois pg. 7
Nelson pgs. 5-10
Nelson pg. 29
Nelson pgs. 46-7
Nelson pg. 150
Nelson pg. 36
Nelson pg. 86-7
See The St. Paul Globe, Oct. 9, pg. 9
Gaines pgs. 22-3
Gaines pg. 23
Gaines pg. 28
For a more complete discussion of social Darwinism, see Gaines pg. 36
Gaines pgs. 37-8
Gaines pg. 152
Gaines pgs. 164-6
Gaines pg. 162
Gaines pgs. 85-6
Nelson pg. 108
Nelson pgs. 68-73
Nelson pg. 109
Nelson pg. 101
Nelson pgs. 157-65
Nelson pgs. 166-67
For a more in-depth discussion and analysis of American empire, see the Introduction to Kaplan’s The Anarchy of Empire
This is a bare summary of some of the key ideas in Gaines, ch. 4
Gaines pgs. 100-4
This portrait of Garvey is pieced together from chapter 2 of Guridy
Gaines pgs. 238-41
See St. Paul Pioneer Press, Nov. 11, 1898, pg. 8
See The Appeal, Nov. 12, 1898, pg. 3
See The Appeal, Oct. 29, pg. 3 and Nov. 12, pg. 3, 1898
Kaplan pg. 128
Kaplan pg. 126
Guridy pgs. 18, 30
Guridy pgs. 62-3
Guridy pgs. 79-81
Guridy pg. 108
Gurdiy pg. 136
See Kaplan, ch. 6 for a full analysis of the concept of “imperial cartograpy”
Baldwin pg. 208
Baldwin pg. 206
Lott pgs. 27-36
Gatewood 240-53
Gatewood pg.192
Gaines pg. 182
Dunbar pg. 50
Dunbar pg. 69
See the documentary Midnight Ramble: Oscar Micheaux & the Story of Race Movies, produced by Pamela Thomas, directed by Pearl Bowser & Bestor Cram, written by Clyde Taylor. It was released in 1994 and aired on the PBS series "The American Experience."

Images, listed by page

WELCOME

Ad for “Cuba” in The Appeal, Oct. 29, 1898, pg. 3

BLACK ST. PAUL: A HISTORY

“Bird’s-eye View of Central Park, St. Paul.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: 1898. From Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10709403&websites=no&brand=cms&sort=date_asc&q=st.%20paul%201898&type[]=Photographs&startindex=101&count=25

Ingersoll, T.W., photographer. “St. Paul and the High Bridge.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: approximately 1900. From Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10734046&websites=no&brand=cms&sort=date_asc&q=st.%20paul%201898&type[]=Photographs&startindex=201&count=25

“St. Paul Cathedral, St. Paul.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: 1920. From Minnesota Historical Society.

http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10765166&websites=no&brand=cms&q=st.%20paul%20cathedral%20&startindex=1&count=25

Chaney, Delia Elizabeth. “View of Rondo Avenue from Josiah B. Chaney residence, 604 Rondo Avenue, St. Paul.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: approximately 1900. From Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10734127

“John Quincy Adams.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: approximately 1892. From Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10758827&websites=no&brand=cms&sort=date_asc&q=john%20adams&startindex=1&count=25

EXPLORE RONDO 1898

Image of a St. Paul map. Taken from the City Directory: St. Paul, MN: 1898. From St. Paul Public Library.

“All-Negro choir of St. Peter Claver Church, St. Paul.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: date unkown. From Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/largerimage.php?irn=10113662&catirn=10738838

AFRICAN AMERICAN ELITES 1890s

Photo of upper/middle class black family: Title Unkown. Photograph. Location unkown: approximately 1900. From Library of Congress, via brownstoner.com. http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2013/02/walkabout-black-folks-in-19th-century-brooklyn-part-1/

FREDRICK MCGHEE

“Frederick (or Fredrick) L. McGhee.” Photograph. Saint Paul, MN: approximately 1910. From the Minnesota Historical Society. http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display.php?irn=10752720&websites=no&brand=cms&q=fredrick%20mcghee&startindex=1&count=25

BLACK AMERICA IN THE 1890S

Photo of segregated drinking fountains: title unkown. Photograph. Location and date unkown. http://northbysouth.kenyon.edu/1998/edu/jimcrow.htm

Photo of lynching: title unkown. Photograph. Location and date unkown. http://espressostalinist.wordpress.com/genocide/the-slave-trade/

Eugenics image: title unkown. Photograph. Location and date unkown. http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americas-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement

RACIAL UPLIFT

Portrait of Booker T. Washington. Photograph. Location and date unkown. http://sanseverything.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/booker-t-washington-de-gaulle-disguised-as-petain/

“Tuskegee Commencement.” Photograph. Tuskegee: 1917. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/tuskegee-university-1881

“W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) Du Bois, 1868-1963.” Photograph. Location unkown: 1919. From Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003681451/

Image of 1911 edition of The Souls of Black Folk. From Virginia Historical society. http://www.vahistorical.org/

Image of Ida B. Wells. Photograph. Location and date unkown. http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635

RACIAL POLITICS IN ST. PAUL

“Afro-American Council Meeting.” Photograph. Oakland, CA: 1907. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/afro-american-council-1898-1907

“Founding Members of the Niagara Movement.” Photograph. Niagara Falls: 1904. From New York Public Library. http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=448350&imageID=1206633&k=0&print=small

“Niagara Movement Delegates, Harper’s Ferry, WV” Photograph. Harper’s Ferry, WV: 1906. From Amherst College Library. http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/hius366a/week7.html

BLACK NATIONALISM

Image of map of Spanish American War. 1912. From University of Texas at Austin. http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/spanish_american_war.htm

Image of William H. Ferris. Photograph. Date and Location unknown. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/ferris-william-henry-1874-1941

Image of Marcus Garvey at UNIA Parade. Photograph. New York: 1922. From Associated Press. http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/sayitplain/mgarvey.html

Portrait of Marcus Garvey. Photograph. Date and location unkown. http://www.biography.com/people/marcus-garvey-9307319

Portrait of Hubert Harrison. Photograph. Date and location unkown. From New York Public Library. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/harrison-hubert-henry-1883-1927

THE PAGEANT

Ads for “Cuba” in The Appeal, Oct. 29, 1898, pg. 3 and Nov. 19, pg. 3

DIASPORA: RE-IMAGINING SPACE AND TIME

Map of African Diaspora/Atlantic Slave Trade. Date and Location unkown.

http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/intro-maps/09.jsp

Image of the Yarmouth. Photograph. Date and location unkown.

http://thomas-quirk.com/2013/02/21/joshua-cockburn-first-captain-of-the-black-star-line/

THE CAKEWALK DEBATE

Image for cover of “Walking for dat Cake.” 1877. From Library of Congress. http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/features/archive/0211/photo_essay.jsp?page=2

Image of William K. Vanderbuilt. Before 1923. From Wikimedia Commons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_KissamVanderbilt.jpg

THE POETRY OF PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR

Portrait of Paul Laurence Dunbar. Photograph. Date and location unkown. From Ohio Historical Society. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/march15/dunbar-031506.html

Portrait of Oscar Micheaux. Photograph. Date and location Unkown. http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/oscar-micheaux/